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Toefl Independent Writing

How to write ????

Writing analyse and thought

要凑够字数,一定就得多写,学学如何通过内容展开来丰富文章。

  1. 首先第一段,引出论点的时候应该如何做?
    先简单nowadays一下,引出问题本身或者反方论点出现的原因。然后Though一下或者一句话指出论点的问题,引出本文论点。
  2. 分论点展开怎么搞? 提出分论点,用一句细节解释论点。如果想不出细节,那么有可能是分论点太明确了,或者是思维被限制了。要么改改分论点,把分论点改短一些或者简单(simple and conlusive words)一些。展开的时候把这些缺失补上。多提几个为什么,或者从另一角度切入,把分论点从大的地方往小的地方引,最后在引到总论点上。然后举例,把事情简单说清楚,然后,Therefore, through this event, we can find that … / we can conclude that … / ,引导分论点或者总论点上。 另一种方法:如果分论点展开时发现文章中只有分论点和总论点两个关键词,这样是一定展不开的。可以添加论点背景或者逻辑推导过程。简言之就是看看分论点的关键词逻辑之间可以加什么,添加中间产物。
  3. 如果分论点字数不够,可以在分论点上引出一个印象因素(controbutory factors),简单引出一两个(sole or two main factors)factor来展开。 另外还可以通过对比来展开,如果题目中隐含对比关系,不如人群的对比,方式的对比,背景条件的对比等等,完全可以作为example的一种替代品。
  4. 实在写不出来,可以使用假设和反证,进行逻辑推理来丰富内容和加强逻辑性。这个东西可以写得很长也可以很短。建议在文章中的一个分论点上进行这种展开。
  5. 两个分论点写完了还是字数不够,有时间就写一个refutation, 说出反方论点的局限性,假设反方论点是正确的会怎么怎么样,或者写个concession,说一下尽管反方论点在什么情况下是正确的,但是大多数情况下我方论点更对,更有价值….
  6. 总结咋写? In a summary… 换一种方法重述一下总论点,最好再统筹一下两个分论点。甚至还能升华一下。最后一句怎么写?应该落在哪里?应该收在总论点上或者对反方论点轻微的反驳上。

如何写contributory factors? 如何写comparison? 如何写Assumption/hypothesis和proof by contradiction?

Solution

phrase

• Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. 
• All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction
• In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. 
• From a xxx(sociologic) perspective, xxx .
• Compensating for the lack of xxx, xx developed an alternative strategies which xxx. 
• Sth in the late 1800s was nowhere near as xxx as it is today.
• Granting that communication among family and friends in industrialized countries has decreased in recent years, It might be tempting to blame this problem on television since its rise roughly coincided with the decrease in time we spend with our families.
• Nowadays finding food has taken a back seat to  other priorities, such a s career and education.
• But the fact is, were it not existent, surely these people would have found other escapes, such as alcohol or gambling, for example.
• The more xxx, the less xxx.
• Maybe xxx is value or feasible in accordance with specific circumstances, however, in most cases, xxx is more appliable and practicable.
• With the help of xxx / As the development of xxx, not merely there are more jobs, the quality of life are higher as well.
• It's generally accepted that xxx, but it's hardly appropriate to say xxx.
• However, I have to say, A is only part of something, and it's merely one of serval determinative that xxx. 
• In order to maximize benefits and minimize hazards/ detriment.
• Second, it caused the rapid development of tourism of the city, stimulate the economy and further improve the infrastructure facilities of the city, resulting in the better being of the people in the entire community.
• Everything in the universe is in constant change. And everything needs continual improvement if ever changing and increasing demands of humankind are to be met.
• [parents] Instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring.
• All too often we observe xxx, 
• One cannot achieve greatness solely by himself, regardless of his ability and status in the group.
• Psychology teaches us that we do get what we want, if we know exactly what we want and want the right thing.
• the medical insurance system
• Technology has simplified our lives in different aspects, great and small.
• There goes a saying that there is no science without fancy and no art without facts.
• In my view, the genuine purpose of study on history is rooted not in reconstructing the past completely and accurately by the mere sifting of evidence for facts but rather delivering the eternal values and humanity which can illustrate the present as a light and bend the arc of future towards the hope of a better day.
• The significance of science and technology is not just a tool for humans to fight against natural disasters or the pursuit of more comfortable life, but also an assistant to find the subtle relationship between human and nature and to get rid of our shortcomings, in the process of correction of weakness and deficiency, lead mankind to reach a more advanced and civilized future.
• Granted that it’s important to lay a firm foundation for the achievement of personal fulfillment through education, education amounts to far more than providing knowledge; it also embraces delivering beliefs, values and humanity. In my view, the genuine purpose of education is rooted not in stuffing “education” but rather eliciting the potential of students aimed at helping them to realize the richness within themselves.
• The purpose of art is not only for humans to appreciate, but also to reflect a diverse range of the local social life and to meet the spiritual needs of people for ideology, which also initiates human to express emotions and to contemplate life(思考生活).
• Necessary intermediary step between the concept stage and implementation stage.
• Einstein has made monumental contributions to physics.
• The lure of fame/power/money.
• A plausible explanation 
• As a proponent of clean energy.
• A striking feature of this plant is that … 
• When building a house, we must build a sturdy foundation at first, or the building will subside.
• We polluted the river, but simultaneously the contaminated river and food do harm to humans. Everyone may pay the price for what he has done

How to write